Many children each year are abused by their parents.  We should try to help out these kids by putting laws against it and helping these kids.  These kids are too special to be getting hurt by their parents. Physical abuse of children includes any non-accidental physical injury caused by the child's caretaker.  The abuse might take place in a single or repeated episodes.  Although the injury is not an accident, the adult may not have intended to hurt the child.  The injury might have resulted form over discipline or physical punishment that is inappropriate to the child's age.  This usually happens when an adult is frustrated or angry and strikes, shakes, or throws a child. Occasionally, physical abuse is intentional.  For example, it is highly likely that abuse is intentional when a caretaker burns, bites, pokes, cuts, twists limbs, or otherwise harms the child.

Young children frequently fall down and bump into things.  These accidents may result in injuries to their elbows, chins., noses, foreheads, and other bony areas.  Bruises and marks on the soft tissue of the face, back, neck, buttocks, upper arms, thighs , ankles, or backs of legs, however, are likely to be caused by physical abuse.  The most common cause of child abuse related deaths is head injuries.

This child has been physically abused by her parents.  Jackie is three years old.  She runs to her cubby to get her blanket whenever she hears another child crying.  She clutches her blanket and rocks back and forth saying, "No hitting, no hitting." Child neglect is another abuse in children.  Child neglect is characterized by failure to provide for the child's basic needs.  Neglect can be physical (for example, inadequate clothing for cold weather), medical (for example, refusal to seek health care when a child clearly needs medial attention), educational (for example, failure to enroll a child of mandatory school age), or emotional (for example, chronic or extreme spouse abuse in the child's presence).  Severe neglect often results in death, particularly in the case of very young children.  While physical abuse tends to be episodic, neglect tends to be chronic.  Neglectful families often appear to have many problems that they are not able to handle.  It is often very difficult to facilitate change in the behavior of chronically neglectful families.  In an early childhood program, neglect may also be chronic.  For example, it might be standard practice for a program to leave infants in their cribs for most of the day, rather than providing a safe area for them to move about.  This child Andrea tells her teacher she is tired this morning because her six month old brother, Max woke her up.  She says, "My mommy wasn't home yet so I made him a bottle and he finally went to sleep.”

This one lady, Sandra, is the mother of a 4 year old girl named Kelly.  Three months ago, Sandra visited the community clinic for help to stop drinking and to separate from Kelly’s father, Frank; he was an alcoholic.  Frank has physically abused Sandra and Kelly in the past, but both of them still feel close to him.  Recently, Kelly has been very withdrawn and depressed. 

The counselor at the clinic suggested that Sandra find child care for Kelly as part of her treatment plan, both for her own peace of mind and for Kelly’s safety.  Because Kelly was at risk for abuse, the family was eligible for State-subsidized respite care.  The counselor told Sandra about the local resource and referral (R&R) agency that could help find child care and described the various types of care available.  Kelly had never gone to  child care before. 

Sandra received several referrals from the R&R and enrolled Kelly in a half-day child care program.  She began to make friends and get help from her caregivers in expressing her feelings.  Sandra and Kelly are temporarily living in a shelter for women.  During the time that Kelly is at child care, Sandra attends a treatment program, looks for work and a new place to line, and gathers the strength she needs to start a new life.

The clinic counselor keeps in contact with Kelly’s child care program to share ideas on how to help the family and especially on how to handle Frank, who has become very angry about losing custody of Kelly.

There are many ways that we can help these kids that get abused and the parents who abuse them.  One way is to build centers for the people to get help from counselors.  That is very important for both parents and children.  If you see people who are abusing their children don't just stand there.  You should tell someone to get help for both the parents and the children.

Next time you see a child who is hurt please report it to someone to get them help.  The kids in our world are to special.  To see these kids getting hurt by their own parents is just terrifying.  So please remember to help them.

Answers To Questions

Ql- How does society invest in marriage in the USA and Manus?

            Society invest in marriage in USA by living together.  It isn't as forcing as the way it used to be.  You do not have to be married to have kids which is very important in my words.  If the parents are not married when they have kids then the parents just leave each other and the child may never see one of their parents.  Marriage in the USA is just like a piece of paper the says you are legally.  The government needs to raise the divorce fee so the people may think before they get married. 

            Society invest in marriage in Manus by giving each other something so you become to love each other more.  They get things from each others parents before they get married.  The economy even changes which centers around the marriage of two people.  They get money and then they pay it back later.

Q2 - Interview ten married people.(No names.) State the length and number of each one's

        marriage and a line or two of advice from each on how to maintain a long, happy

        relationship.

1.)        She has been married four years.  She says that you have to be able to communicate with each other and to be honest.

2.)        He has been married ten years.  He says that you have to love each other in the first place and be honest.

3.)        She has been married nineteen years.  She says it takes a lot of work to have a long loving relationship.

4.)        He has been married two years.  He think that you should see each other at least two years before getting married so that you get to know each other.

5.)        She has been married twenty-two years.  She says it takes a little give and take in          everybody.

6.)        She has been married two years.  She says you should be committed to each other before         getting married.

7.)        She has been married sixty-two years.  She says that you both have to work together to love each other.

8.)        She has been married twenty-seven years.  She thinks that to maintain a long happy relationship you have to love each other.

9.)        She has been married eleven years.  She thinks that you should care for each other and do         things to help each other out.

10.)      He has been married seven years.  He thinks that you should be loving and have fun together if you want to have a long happy relationship.

Q3 - According to Richard Eckersley, what should our collective goal be?

            According to Richard Eckersley, our collective goal should be to achieve all we can achieve.  He thinks we should try our best to get bigger and better things.  He thinks we should use more technologies and more things to buy bigger things.  He thinks we should spend more family time.  He also thinks that keeping in touch is important.

Q4 - Write a worthy goal for you local community.

            A worthy goal for my local community is to keep the community clean from all the litter and harm.  To keep all the garbage picked up would make it a cleaner place to live.  It would also help if people wouldn't harm things that don't belong to them.  By doing this I feel that would make our community a better place to live.

Q5 - Comment on the excerpts from "Tomorrow's Child."

            I do not think that making a doll to look like a child’s mother is very good.  I do not feel that it will take place of a mother.  I feel that the doll will be useless to the children because if all it does is sits there then it will not give the child no support.  I think that the children's parents should be home sooner because a doll really no help except like a toy.

Q6 - How does the fact the USA is a democracy make lawyers particularly helpful, according to Kathleen Sullivan?  How does our diversity, wealth, and size make lawyers particularly helpful?

            'The fact that the USA is a democracy particularly helpful by the individualism.  They create forms of public responsibility.  They are competitive in the USA today.  If

you are not happy with one lawyer you can go find a different one that you think will help you more.  There are all different that lawyers can help you.  People bring up all different kinds of law suits that lawyers help fight.  That is why lawyers are particularly helpful in the USA today.

The diversity, wealth and size makes lawyers particularly helpful by the race and origin.  The wealth is helpful by the worries of clean air, clean water and a clean environment.  They help with the protection of many things.  Size helps by all the individuals who help with the expansion of the territory.  The lawyers help by making the world a better place to live for everybody.  So everybody should try to be helpful and help the lawyers.

Q7 - Ms.  Sullivan claims bad practices are changed either by regulations or punitive damages. Which do you prefer and why?  Can you think of an alternative?

            I think they are changed by regulations.  There are many regulations that you have to obey and it is easy to have to change and make the practice bad.  It is a lot of work to run a business and with all the regulations it could ruin the way you planned to operate your business.  An alternative might be by the lack of knowledge.  You have to know what you are doing before you do it.  You have to be smart to run a business.  Regulation I feel plays the biggest part though.

Q8 - Briefly describe three ways society would benefit from the coming retirement of baby  boomers, and to the required reading.

            They will have a higher population for more workers.  The elderly will not have to work as much and can retire earlier.  There will be more ways for people to stay home at an early age more than when they are very old.

Q9 - Evaluate the likelihood of President Clinton's anti-poverty program making a real impact. Give at least three reasons to back up your conclusions.

            One reason President Clinton's anti-poverty program will make a real impact is by the commercial loans and all the community development.  A second way is by all the new minority owned businesses are growing.  They help out al lot in the antipoverty program.  The third reason is administration claims.  They help in lowering the interest rate.  That is three major reasons.

Q10 - Name three things Truett Cathy and Tom Lewis have in common.

            Truett Cathy and Tom Lewis have the loving and coring of their family in common, trying to find after school programs.  They both like their meat, Cathy liking her chickens and Tom with his fish.  They also are concerned about their animals.  They are concerned about the restaurant industry.